Mpox in Kids: Understanding Transmission and Key Symptoms

 Initially discovered in 1958 in monkeys kept for research, Mpox has since been found to affect humans, with outbreaks reported in several countries, including India. While it primarily affects adults, children are also susceptible to the disease, and the symptoms may present differently in younger individuals. Understanding how Mpox is transmitted and recognizing the symptoms in kids can help in timely intervention and prevention.

Monkeypox, now called Mpox, is a viral illness caused by the monkeypox virus, a species of the genus Orthopoxviral. The virus can be classified into two types: Clade I and Clade II. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that Clade I of the mpox virus typically leads to more severe illness and higher mortality rates compared to Clade II.

How is Monkeypox Transmitted?

Though it is self-limiting, certain individuals may face a higher risk of severe illness from mpox, including infants under one year of age, children with eczema or specific skin and immune conditions, as well as pregnant and breastfeeding individuals. 

Mpox can be transmitted through close contact with an infected person or animal in several ways:

1. Direct Contact with Infected Animals: Since it is a zoonotic virus, it originates in animals and spreads to humans. It has been linked to contact with infected animals such as rodents, monkeys, and other wildlife in Africa. People who handle or consume bushmeat from infected animals are at a higher risk of contracting the virus.

2. Person-to-Person Transmission: Human-to-human transmission occurs through close physical contact with respiratory secretions, bodily fluids, or skin lesions of an infected individual. Prolonged face-to-face or direct contact, such as hugging, kissing, or sexual contact, can spread the virus.

3. Respiratory Droplets: The virus can also spread through respiratory droplets from an infected person. While this mode of transmission typically requires prolonged face-to-face interaction, it can occur in crowded or confined spaces where people are in close proximity.

4. Fomites: Mpox can also be transmitted indirectly through contact with contaminated surfaces or objects, such as bedding, clothing, or utensils that have been in contact with the virus.

Monkeypox Symptoms in Kids

While Mpox symptoms in adults are well-documented, it's important to understand how the virus affects children. Kids are often more vulnerable due to their developing immune systems, and in some cases, their symptoms can be more severe.

1. Fever: One of the early signs of Mpox in children is a sudden onset of fever. This fever can be high and persistent, lasting for several days. Accompanying symptoms often include chills, fatigue, and body aches, which may resemble the flu.

2. Rash: The characteristic symptom of Mpox is a skin rash, which typically begins within a few days of the fever. In children, the rash often starts on the face and then spreads to other body parts, including the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The rash goes through various stages, from red spots to raised bumps, fluid-filled blisters, and eventually scabs.

3. Swollen Lymph Nodes: A common symptom in children with Mpox is swollen lymph nodes, particularly around the neck, armpits, and groin. This symptom helps differentiate Mpox from other viral infections, such as chickenpox, where swollen lymph nodes are not typically present.

4. Fatigue and Weakness: Children infected with Mpox may experience extreme tiredness and weakness, making it difficult for them to engage in regular activities. This symptom often persists throughout the course of the illness.

5. Headache and Muscle Aches: Alongside the fever and rash, kids may complain of severe headaches and muscle aches. These symptoms can be particularly distressing for younger children and may require supportive care.

Managing and Preventing Mpox in Kids

If your child shows signs of Mpox, it's essential to seek medical attention promptly. While most cases of Mpox are mild and resolve on their own, some children may develop complications such as secondary bacterial infections or dehydration, which require medical intervention.

It is important to take the following precautions:

• Ensure the child's skin rash is covered.

• Encourage the child to avoid scratching the rash or touching their face, especially their eyes.

• Keep other people and pets away from the child.

• If the child is two years or older, have them wear a well-fitting mask when in close contact with others.

• Keep the child isolated and at home, refraining from school or other activities until they are no longer contagious.

Additionally, practicing good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing and disinfecting surfaces, can help prevent the spread of the virus to others in the household. The CDC recommends vaccination for certain individuals, including children and teens, who may have been exposed to mpox.

With proper care and precautions, most children recover fully from Mpox without future complications.